To super-charge a specific virus as a gene carrier into the inner ear, the team used a form of the virus wrapped in protective bubbles called exosomes (tiny bubbles made of cell membrane). Those cells naturally bud off exosomes that carry the virus inside them. Image courtesy of Cyrille Sage.

To super-charge a specific virus as a gene carrier into the inner ear, the team used a form of the virus wrapped in protective bubbles called exosomes (tiny bubbles made of cell membrane). Those cells naturally bud off exosomes that carry the virus inside them. Image courtesy of Cyrille Sage.

Scientists from Harvard Medical School (HMS) and the Massachusetts General Hospital have managed to restore partial hearing and balance in mice born with a genetic condition using a new form of gene therapy. The new model is said to overcome a long-standing barrier to accessing hair cells which have been notoriously difficult to treat with previous gene-delivery techniques. The investigators caution the approach is years away from use in humans, but gene therapy carries the promise of restoring hearing in people with several forms of both genetic and acquired deafness.

The team’s findings show that the treatment leads to notable gains in hearing and allows mice that normally would be completely deaf to hear the equivalent of a loud conversation. The approach also improved the animals’ sense of balance. The research appears in the February issue of Molecular Therapy, and an accompanying commentary about the article also appears in that issue.

On their quest to restore hearing through gene therapy, scientists have long sought ways to improve gene delivery into hair cells. Previous approaches were only marginally effective as they reached one set of hair cells in the inner ear, but another subset—equally critical for hearing—remained largely impenetrable. “To treat most forms of hearing loss, we need to find a delivery mechanism that works for all types of hair cells,” said neurobiologist David Corey, co-senior investigator on the study and the Bertarelli Professor of Translational Medical Science at HMS.

To achieve that, the researchers used the common adeno-associated virus (AAV). The virus has been already used as a gene-delivery vehicle for retinal disorders but thus far has proven much less efficient in penetrating hair cells.

To super-charge AAV as a gene carrier into the inner ear, the team used a form of the virus wrapped in protective bubbles called exosomes, an approach recently developed by study co-investigators Casey Maguire, HMS assistant professor of neurology at MGH, and Xandra Breakefield, HMS professor of neurology. Maguire and colleagues grew regular AAV virus inside cells. Those cells naturally bud off exosomes—tiny bubbles made of cell membrane—that carry the virus inside them. The membrane wrapping around the virus is coated with proteins that bind to cell receptors.

This, Maguire said, may be the reason why the bubble-wrapped form of AAV, or exo-AAV, binds more easily to the surfaces of hair cells and penetrates them more efficiently. “Unlike current approaches in the field, we didn’t change or directly modify the virus,” said Maguire who is also co-senior author on the study. “Instead, we gave it a vehicle to travel in, making it better capable of navigating the terrain inside the inner ear and accessing previously resistant cells.”

In lab dish experiments, exo-AAV successfully penetrated 50% to 60% of hair cells, the researchers observed. By contrast, AAV alone reached a mere 20% of hair cells.

Rhe researchers worked with mice born without a gene critical for hair cell function in order to test the approach in living animals. Such animals normally cannot hear even the loudest sounds and exhibit poor balance. Researchers Bence György and Cyrille Sage, first authors on the study, injected exo-AAV preloaded with the missing gene into the inner ears of mouse pups, shortly after birth. Post-treatment tests revealed that the gene entered between 30% and 70% of hair cells, reaching both inner and outer hair cells. A month after treatment, 9 of 12 mice had some level of hearing restored and could be startled by a loud clap, a standard behavioral test for hearing. Four could hear sounds of 70 to 80 dB intensity, the rough equivalent of conversation in a loud restaurant.

Because hair cells are also critical for the sense of balance, mice with damaged or missing hair cells show balance abnormalities. Treated mice had notably improved balance, compared with their untreated counterparts, showing far less head tossing or running in circles, both markers of instability or disorientation.

Source: By Ekaterina Pesheva and Beth Dougherty, Harvard Medical School (HMS) Communications