Tech Topic | June 2021 Hearing Review

The self-fitting Bose SoundControlā„¢ hearing aid is the first of its kind to gain FDA clearance. In the self-fitting process, the Bose Hear app uses the Bose CustomTuneā„¢ interface for mapping to a wide range of target gain profiles, derived from a hearing loss database. This article compares the population coverageā€”or the percentage of people who would be able to find a frequency gain profile similar to a NAL-NL2 prescription fitā€”of SoundControl to other self-fitting amplification devices which typically feature only 1 to 4 preset gain profiles.

By Andrew Sabin, PhD, Justin Jensen, AuD, Octav Chipara, PhD, and Yu-Hsiang Wu, PhD

Hearing aids sold directly to consumers must provide an interface that enables users to select their preferred gain profile. One fundamental trade-off when designing such an interface is finding the balance between:

  1. Making the controls simple enough for a layperson to use, while also
  2. Enabling as many individuals with hearing loss as possible to find a gain profile that meets their auditory needs.

In 2020, Jensen et al1 published a study that attempted to quantify this trade-off by computing a value they called population coverage. At a high level, this value estimates the percentage of people with hearing loss that would be able to find a gain profile sufficiently similar to what would be prescribed for them. This value is computed for a given user interface with limited options.

Related Article: Bose Announces First Self-fitting Hearing Aid: SoundControl

Bose SoundControl hearing aid with Bose Hear app
Figure 1. Bose CustomTune features two user-adjusted wheels: World Volume and Treble/Bass.2

In Jensen et al, coverage was estimated for interfaces with a wide range in the numbers of presets (ie, 1 to 20 preset frequency gain configurations designed to suit the individualā€™s amplification needs). In this article, we use the same method to compute coverage for Bose CustomTuneā„¢ā€”the primary user interface in the Bose Hear mobile app which is compatible with Bose SoundControl Hearing Aids. This app features two wheelsā€”ā€œWorld Volumeā€ and ā€œTreble/Bassā€ā€”to map to a wide range of target gain profiles that were derived from hearing loss databases (Figure 1).2 Using these wheels, the wearer selects his/her own signal processing preferences using the two wheels which control the gain and compression in each frequency band. The mapping of wheel position to gain is strictly monotonic (always increasing/decreasing) at each frequency band. This constraint simplifies the user interface and creates an experience that is similar to common controls like ā€œvolumeā€ and ā€œtone.ā€

Computing coverage begins with the selection of a representative population of individuals with hearing loss. For this study, we used the same 934 audiograms as in Jensen et al.1 That population was intended to be a representative subset of individuals with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss from the NHANES database.3 Specifically, they included individuals aged 55-85 years who had normal tympanograms, had three frequency average (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) air conduction thresholds ā‰„ 25 dB HL and ā‰¤ 55 dB HL, and had no threshold poorer than 75 dB HL from 0.5-6 kHz. In this study, for each individual in that dataset, we computed their ā€œprescribedā€ gain settings using NAL-NL24 software (dll v 2.15) with applied corrections for experienced users, unspecified gender, non-tonal language, and ā€œdualā€ compression speed.5

As in Jensen et al,1 fits were evaluated via a ā€œTightā€ and a ā€œLooseā€ criterion. A Tight fit occurred when an interface provided a gain profile option within Ā±5 dB of a given individualā€™s prescribed NAL-NL2 targets at 3 input levels (55, 65, 75 dB SPL) for 8 frequencies (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 kHz). (The lowest threshold frequency in the NHANES database is 500 Hz; as in the previous study,1 here we re-used the threshold at 500 Hz in the 250 Hz position.) A Loose fit used the same frequencies but only focused on targets for the 65 dB SPL input.

Finally, the percent coverage (population coverage) is the sum of all of the sample weights of the individuals who satisfied the ā€œfitā€ criterion divided by the sum of the sample weights across all of the individuals in the data set. (Sample weights are provided in the NHANES database and are used to correct for any demographic mismatch between the sample set and the broader population of the United States.)

Using this calculation, CustomTune is able to fit substantially more of the population than a small number of presets. In a recent study of 28 direct-to-consumer (DTC) hearing devices, all but one had 4 or fewer presets, and the most common number was 1 preset.6 For reference, the coverage values associated with 1-4 presets are replotted from Jensen et al1 in Figure 2. As would be expected, the coverage increases with number of presets (20-58% for ā€œTightā€ fits and 33-76% for ā€œLooseā€ fits). The coverage values for Bose CustomTune are higher than all preset conditions (80% for ā€œTightā€ and 93% for ā€œLooseā€ fits).

Bose CustomTune hearing aid comparison
Figure 2. Population coverage values for 1-4 presets (white bars) and Bose CustomTune (black bars) interface. Values are reported for Tight fits (left bars; within Ā±5 dB across 8 frequencies at 55, 65, and 75 dB SPL input levels) and Loose fits (right bars; within Ā±5 dB across frequencies at only 65 dB SPL input level). Values for ā€œPresetsā€ are replotted from Jensen et al, 20201 (REAR clustering).

Further, it is worth noting that this calculation likely overestimates the coverage associated with the preset interface. This is because the presets used in the analysis were derived, via cluster analysis, from the identical 785 hearing losses that were used to evaluate coverage, and therefore can be considered somewhat ā€œoverfit.ā€ In contrast, CustomTune was derived from multiple different datasets than the one used to evaluation coverage and can therefore be considered a test of ā€œgeneralizationā€ of that interface. It is also worth noting that these calculations do not consider any acoustic limitations of a device, variation in head/ear acoustics, or volume controls.

Overall, these data show that Bose CustomTune can cover substantially more of the population of individuals with mild-to-moderate hearing loss than a device with 1-4 presets. Goman and Lin7 estimated there are 36.4 million individuals in the United States with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Given this figure, the increased coverage could mean that 6.2-8 million more individuals could satisfy the ā€œfitā€ criterion with Bose CustomTune than a device with 1-4 presets.

Finally, it is also important to acknowledge that coverage is just one of several criteria that should be used to evaluate a DTC hearing aid. For example, the analysis of coverage does not consider whether each interface can accommodate the sound quality preferences of each user, performance in noise and/or specific listening situations, or many other factors known to influence benefit and satisfaction with amplification devices.

References

  1. Jensen J, Vyas D, Urbanski D, Garudadri H, Chipara O, Wu, Y-H. Common configurations of real-ear aided response targets prescribed by NAL-NL2 for older adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Am J Audiol. 2020;29(3):460-475.
  2. Sabin AT, Van Tasell DJ, Rabinowitz B, Dhar S. Validation of a self-fitting method for over-the-counter hearing aids. Trends Hear. 2020;24:1-19.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES);2006. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/default.aspx
  4. Keidser G, Dillon H, Flax M, Ching T, Brewer S. The NAL-NL2 prescription procedure. Audiol Res. 2011;1(1):88-90.
  5. Keidser G, Dillon H, Carter L, Oā€™Brien A. NAL-NL2 empirical adjustments. Trends Hearing. 2012;16(4):211-223.
  6. Almufarrij I, Munro KJ, Dawes P, Stone MA, Dillon H. Direct-to-consumer hearing devices: Capabilities, costs, and cosmetics. Trends Hear. 2019;23:1-18.
  7. Goman AM, Lin FR. Prevalence of hearing loss by severity in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(10):1820-1822.
Sabin et al biographies

About the authors: Andrew Sabin, PhD, is the Research Lead of Bose Hear at Bose Corporation in Framingham, Mass. Justin Jensen, AuD, is an Audiology Fellow at Iowa Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (ILEND); Octav Chipara, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Computer Science, and Yu-Hsiang Wu, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.

CORRESPONDENCE can be addressed to Dr Sabin at: [email protected]