Tag: Jens Brehm Nielsen

Tech Topic | April 2018 Hearing Review By Oliver Townend; Jens Brehm Nielsen, PhD; and Jesper Ramsgaard, MA A look into the present and future of hearing aid processing and post-fitting adjustments for patients. We are truly entering the machine- learning era. In tasks with well-defined boundaries, machine-learning systems query data and learn from it. Machine learning is appearing in data security, financial trading, fraud detection, language processing, healthcare, and more applications are predicted.1 While machine learning could revolutionize audiology, hearing care professionals (HCP) will not become redundant because any machine-learning approach depends upon real-life data generated by human activity. The digital revolution in the ‘80s and ‘90s spawned the modern digital hearing aid as we know it today. It has become the way of producing a hearing aid with amazing capabilities. Modern digital signal processing made noise reduction, beamforming, feedback cancellation, speech enhancement, etc..., standard in any hearing aid. All of these new capabilities also introduced complexity. Modern hearing aids have become so complex that adjusting them precisely to meet individual needs can be challenging. Yet this is what HCPs aim to do at each fitting. And they are good at it! Audiological machine-learning solutions that can query data and learn based on experience could help end-users and clinicians alike. Machine learning can potentially provide solutions to assist in-clinic hearing aid fitting and help end-users in situations where it is not always possible for their audiologist to be there to assist. In this article, we will shed light on the mystified machine-learning “black box,” define and help to understand machine learning, and explore a possible system that relies on machine learning tailored for hearing aid personalization—a system that uses sophisticated statistical modeling techniques. We will also demonstrate the benefits that such a system can give us and discuss possibilities for our profession from an end-user, HCP, and manufacturer perspective. What is Machine Learning? Machine learning is a subject area in computer science in which systems or algorithms are designed to learn from collected data, often with the goal of predicting outcomes for unseen input data. Today, we are in the infancy of the machine-dlearning era, but some believe that artificial intelligence (AI) building upon machine learning will soon be on par with human-level intelligence. What some people tend to forget when speculating about AI, is that machine learning is driven by data—data that humans directly or indirectly generate. AI, machine learning, and deep learning are closely related concepts. Machine learning and deep learning are subfields of AI (Figure 1). Humans can learn on their own from very few examples, which is something that AI cannot do. In tightly constrained tasks, we can build machine-learning systems that are able to query data intelligently on its own and learn from these. Google DeepMind’s “Q-learning” is a good example. Q-learning learns to play Atari video games by itself. It relies on deep neural networks that can learn very complicated structures and strategies from massive amounts of data in finite time using reinforcement learning that enables the system to calculate a strategy for trying out different possible solutions, many of which are not successful. The result is a system that can learn while experimenting, although still within strictly constrained domains compared to what human-level intelligence can comprehend. So, while machine learning could revolutionize hearing aids, it will still be the clinician who solves new, slightly perturbed versions of the complex problem of adjusting hearing aids. Figure 1. Machine learning is a subfield within artificial intelligence. Deep learning is a kind of machine learning well-suited for possibilities like feature extraction. Before looking further into machine learning and hearing care, it is worth clarifying the difference between machine learning and “big data” (see “Quick Facts” sidebar). It is often believed that machine learning involves “big data”—huge amounts of data that reside in data centers waiting to be used for learning about hidden patterns and user behavior. This belief is wrong. It is correct that machine learning is often a significant ingredient in “big-data” applications, but there is a multitude of machine-learning systems which do not use “big data” at all. These systems use machine learning to intelligently learn, not only how to deliver a single optimal outcome, but a lot of other related learnings along the way. These learnings can later be collected and used to optimize the system itself, but this collection of data is not essential to define a system as using machine learning. Machine Learning in Hearing Aids The problem of personalizing via systematic adjustment of parameters has been studied considerably over the last three decades. For hearing aid personalization, the earliest attempts used a modified simplex procedure2,3 and later, genetic algorithms4-7 to optimize parameters based on responses from users. While this was shown to provide improvements—even with few system parameters—both methods require an unrealistically high number of end-user interactions to get to a meaningful result for the hearing aid listener. One way to solve this is by applying machine learning to optimize system settings. This has been attempted in hearing aid research and development. Typically, one of two approaches is taken: 1) Using machine learning as a way to analyze data or sound files from the lab,8 or 2) Applying machine learning in a real-time approach in optimizing hearing aid settings.9,10 While the latter approach brings the power of machine learning directly to the end-user by taking it out of the lab and into a real-life setting, we have yet to see this applied in a commercially available hearing aid. Using Machine Learning to Navigate User Intentions Real-life hearing presents challenges we aim to solve for users with hearing loss. Hearing in real life is constantly changing in context and circumstance, because real life itself changes from one moment to the next. Widex sound automation is driven by the assumption that an end-user, who is able to think less about the setting of the hearing aid and what program to choose in a given listening situation, will be able to devote more cognitive resources to the task of listening.11 Modern hearing aids have reached a stage where they can easily detect what auditory environment the user is in at any given time. Therefore, it is paramount that, for most of the time, the end-user can rely on the hearing aid automation to approximate an ideal setting. But any automatic system and/or environment adaptation is built on assumptions about what to amplify and what not to amplify, and even the best available automatic system faces one major challenge: Knowing exactly what is important, in any given auditory scenario, for each specific user. Although automatic adaptive systems have proven to be effective, they rely on assumptions regarding what is important in any given auditory scenario for each specific user. The reality, though, is that users’ intentions may vary in any given auditory scenario. In a social situation, a user might prefer to increase the conversation level and lower background music—or something completely different. The individual’s intention of what they wish to achieve relative to an auditory-related task is what we call auditory intention. Today, a 2.4 GHz connection between a smartphone and hearing aids is common and has opened the door for novel developments, especially regarding hearing aid user interactions via smartphone. These interactions range from allowing basic hearing aid adjustments, directly streaming music/speech, all the way through ecological momentary assessment. The processing power of the smartphone also presents the potential to run powerful algorithms that previously needed the computing power of dedicated, standalone PCs. Consequently, we can provide complex control in a manner intuitive to the user—a chance to interpret the users’ auditory intention. Auditory Intention Hearing aid personalization, more commonly referred to as hearing aid fitting and fine-tuning, is carried out today using predefined prescription rules followed by what often amounts to several fine-tuning attempts.12 A prescription rule defines gain and compression settings of hearing aids based on the user’s audiogram. The deterministic prescriptions are developed based on decades of research studying the human auditory system and on empirical and practical experience.13 Generally, the purpose of any prescription is to make speech audible to the user. However, the prescriptive rules are based on the idea that, given the audiogram, one size fits all. During the fine-tuning procedure (Figure 2), the user’s intention is translated twice for every hearing aid adjustment. The first translation is the often-ambiguous explanation by the user about how the sound is perceived and whether this perception involves an actual problem. The second translation occurs when the HCP seeks to understand what problems the user is describing. Figure 2. Any user will at any given time have an auditory intention and a related ideal setting of the hearing aid. Here, that ideal setting is exemplified with the colored space. In a perfect hearing-aid personalization, the hearing aid will adjust for the auditory intention of the user (1) to drive new settings in the hearing aid (2) until the auditory scenario gives need for another new ideal setting matched to the auditory intention of the user (3). Adapted with permission from Nielsen et al.9 Therefore, a lot can get lost in translation even before the clinician considers what the problem is with the current hearing aid setting; in most cases, they must resort...

Tag: Jens Brehm Nielsen

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